Difference Between WSM, ULM and LSM | Simple Guide for Structural Engineers

In structural engineering, different design philosophies have evolved to ensure safety, stability, and economy of structures under varying loads. Among them, the Working Stress Method (WSM), the Ultimate Load Method (ULM), and the Limit State Method (LSM) represent three major milestones in the development of modern structural design concepts.Each method is based on a distinct way of